ABSTRACT: This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins from two stages of ripening purple tomatoes (low and high) and to compare the optimized extraction with the conventional one. In the optimization of UAE, the studied variables were time (5 to 75 min), temperature (30 to 70 °C), and solid: liquid ratio (1:5 to 1:15 m/v). The optimal condition of the UAE process, for low-ripened purple tomatoes, occurs at a time of 75 min, temperature of 40 °C, and solid: liquid ratio of 1:15 m/v, predicting the content of 12.487 mg/100g. For high-ripened purple tomatoes, the optimal condition occurs at a time of 40 min, temperature of 50 °C, and solid: liquid ratio of 1:15 m/v, predicting the content of 8.802 mg/100 g. On validation of these optimized conditions, less than a 3% difference was reported between the predicted and experimental values (12.267 mg/100 g for low-ripened, and 8.894 mg/100 g for high-ripened purple tomatoes). When comparing the optimized UAE with the conventional extraction, it was observed that UAE increased (P < 0.05) the extraction of total anthocyanins content by 73% for low-ripened and by 54% for high-ripened purple tomatoes. Thus, the study indicated that the UAE is an efficient technology for recovering bioactive compounds from purple tomatoes.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo otimizar a extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU) de antocianinas totais de dois estágios de maturação de tomates roxos (baixo e alto) e comparar a extração otimizada com a convencional. Na otimização da EAU, as variáveis estudadas foram tempo (5 a 75 min), temperatura (30 a 70 °C) e razão sólido:líquido (1:5 a 1:15 m/v). A condição otimizada da EAU, para tomates roxos em baixa maturação, ocorreu no tempo de 75 min, temperatura de 40 °C e razão sólido:líquido de 1:15 m/v, prevendo o teor de 12,487 mg/100 g. Para tomates roxos em alta maturação, a condição ideal ocorreu no tempo de 40 min, temperatura de 50 °C e razão sólido:líquido de 1:15 m/v, prevendo o teor de 8,802 mg/100 g. Na validação das condições otimizadas, foi encontrada uma diferença inferior a 3% entre os valores previstos e experimentais (12,267 mg/100g para baixa-maturação e 8,894 mg/100 g para alta-maturação). Ao comparar a EAU otimizada com a convencional, observou-se que a EAU aumentou (P < 0,05) a extração de antocianinas totais em 73% para tomates em baixa-maturação e 54% para tomates roxos em alta-maturação. Assim, o estudo indica que os EAU é uma tecnologia eficiente para a recuperação de antocianinas de tomates roxos.

Abstract The research aimed to evaluate the behavior of different concentrations of lutein added in sheep milk yogurt. The work verified the effect on acidity, pH, color, lutein degradation, and recovery during storage. Different added lutein concentration into yogurt were compared: 0.00 mg; 3.0 mg; 3.45 mg; and 3.9 mg (·100 mL-1). Analyzes were performed on days 1st, 15th, 30th, and 45th of refrigerated storage (5 °C). Lutein did not influence fermentation patters, but post acidification was observed, mainly in groups with the highest lutein concentrations. The amount of lutein recovered was different between groups (P < 0.05) due to treatment. Some differences (P < 0.05) in the same treatment occurred over time, tending to decrease lutein recovery. For all treatments, up to the end of storage, the final amount of lutein characterized the product as a nutritional source of this element. However, lutein recovery in G4 has reached the minimum daily intake recommended by researchers for health benefits. Recovery ranged from 81.9 ± 0.76·100-1 (w·w-1) to 76.31 ± 1.07·100-1 (w·w-1) on the storage period. L* has no difference (P > 0.05) between groups with different added lutein concentrations. In contrast, a*, b*, c*, and YI (yellowness index) were different (P < 0.05).

Abstract This study was aimed at optimizing the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from jussara and blueberry fruits using the response surface methodology (RSM). UAE was found to be more efficient to extract phenolic compounds from both fruits than the conventional extraction. The optimum extraction conditions for the jussara fruits were: extraction time between 30 and 62 min for total anthocyanins and total phenolics, fruit:solvent ratio of 10% and 6% (w/v) for total anthocyanins and total phenolics, respectively. The ethanol concentration was non-significant (p> 0.05). Acidified water was found to be an extracting solvent as efficient as ethanol in the extraction of phenolic compounds from jussara fruits. The optimum extraction conditions for blueberry anthocyanins were: ethanol concentration between 20-70% vol, and fruit: solvent ratio greater than 20% (w/v) within the range studied. The extraction time was not significant (p> 0.05). For total phenolic content: the concentration of ethanol was between 40-80%, and fruit: solvent ratio greater than 20% (w/v) and extraction time over 50 minutes. It was possible to adjust the mathematical model for the coordinates a* (verde vs vermelho) and C* (color saturation) of the jussara extracts.

Abstract Goat milk and its derivatives present proven beneficial health properties; however, some sensory aspects associated to consumers’ expectations restrict the consumption growth for these products. In this work, fermented caprine milk formulations have been evaluated utilizing the methodology of Discourse of the Collective Subject (Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo – DSC) associated to sensory analysis, in order to evaluate the perception of fermented caprine milk by consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological requisites of the fermented milk formulations evaluated during the storage, were according to current legislation. The probiotic characteristics of evaluated formulations were preserved, presenting viable cells counts for Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium BB-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus higher than 1x106 CFU/mL, along 28 days of storage. The Discourse of the Collective Subject results have shown that the typical taste and flavor, present in products derived from caprine milk, did not influence the purchase intention, which was expressive for all fermented milks. The Discourse of the Collective Subject has elucidated the consumers’ perspective, determining then both, the consumers’ profile and the factors interfering on the acquisition of fermented caprine milk.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tipo de cultivo (ambiente seco e alagado) sobre o teor de vitamina C, β-caroteno e minerais (cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, zinco, ferro, manganês, cobre, boro, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio) de camu-camu. As vitaminas citadas foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, enquanto que os minerais cálcio, magnésio, zinco, cobre, manganês e ferro por espectrometria de absorção atômica, o potássio por fotometria de chama e o fósforo, boro e enxofre por espectrofotometria, nos comprimentos de onda 725 e 420nm, respectivamente. O fruto cultivado em ambiente seco apresentou maior (P<0,05) teor de vitamina C (13.756,79mg 100g1/peso seco) e da maioria dos minerais investigados (cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio). Os teores de β-caroteno não variaram (P>0,05) em função dos diferentes ambientes.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of crop type (dry and flooded environment) on vitamin C, β-carotene and minerals (calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), of camu-camu content. Vitamins were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron by atomic absorption spectrometry, potassium by flame photometry and phosphorous, boron and sulfur by spectrophotometry in wave lengths 725 and 420nm, respectively. Fruit grown in a dry environment showed higher (P<0.05) vitamin C content (13756.79mg 100g-1/dry weight) and generally higher mineral content (calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). β-carotene content was not influenced (P>0.05) by different environments.

Campos elétricos pulsados de alta intensidade (CEPAI) constituem um método não-térmico de conservação para alimentos em substituição à pasteurização tradicional. Em comparação ao processamento térmico, os CEPAI, além de serem eficientes na eliminação de micro-organismos e na inativação de enzimas, também minimizam as perdas de sabor, cor, textura, nutrientes e componentes termolábeis dos alimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi levantar dados bibliográficos atuais sobre o tema CEPAI, abordando: definição do processo, instalação experimental, efeito da ruptura dielétrica do alimento, efeito sobre micro-organismo, enzimas e constituintes dos alimentos. Os dados encontrados na literatura apontam o tratamento por CEPAI como alternativa promissora para a conservação de alimentos, podendo ser utilizado como tecnologia única ou como complemento aos processamentos térmicos.

Pulsed electric fields of high intensity (HIPEF) is a non-thermal food conservation to replace traditional thermal pasteurization. Compared to thermal processing, the HIPEF as well as being effective in removing microorganisms and inactivate enzymes also minimize the loss of flavor, color, texture, nutrients and labile components of food. The aim of this work was to gather bibliographic data current HIPEF on the subject, covering: experimental setup, effects of dielectric breakdown of food, effect on microorganisms, enzymes and constituents of food. The data found in the literature indicate treatment of HIPEF as a promising alternative for food conservation and it could be used as a single technology or in addition to thermal processing.

O trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de KOH (1, 3 e 5%), tempo (1, 2 e 3 horas) e temperatura de extração (30, 50 e 70 °C) na reação de saponificação da bixina. O progresso da reação foi acompanhado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e por colorimetria, e os dados obtidos foram avaliados por análise de regressão. Os teores de bixina e do sal da norbixina foram dependentes da concentração da base utilizada na extração, enquanto o tempo não apresentou efeito no andamento da reação de saponificação. A maior concentração de base propiciou a maior conversão de bixina em sal de norbixina, o que foi confirmado pela avaliação dos parâmetros colorimétricos. Os valores de L*, b*, C* e H* concordaram com o aumento da concentração do sal de norbixina no meio, ao passo que a redução da coordenada a* esteve associada à diminuição da bixina que estava sendo convertida em sal de norbixina. Estes resultados podem gerar modificações no atual processo de produção deste pigmento.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of KOH (1, 3 and 5%), time (1, 2, and 3 hours) and extraction temperature (30, 50 and 70°C) on the saponification reaction of bixin. The reaction progress was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by colorimetry, and the data were evaluated by regression analysis. Bixin and norbixin salt contents depended on NaOH concentration, while the extraction time did not present effect on the progress of saponification reaction. The best conversion of bixin to norbixin salt took place with the highest concentration of alkali, which was confirmed by colorimetric analysis. The increase of L*, b*, C*, and H* values were in agreement with the increase of norbixin salt content, whereas the reduction of a* was associated to the reduction of bixin content due to the conversion of bixin to norbixin salt. These results could contribute to modify the current production process of this pigment.